object¶

Properties
Pattern Properties
Additional Properties
- Extending Closed Schemas
Unevaluated Properties
Required Properties
Property names
Size

Objects are the mapping type in JSON. They map “keys” to “values”. In JSON, the “keys” must always be strings. Each of these pairs is conventionally referred to as a “property”.

In Python, "objects" are analogous to the dict type. An important difference, however, is that while Python dictionaries may use anything hashable as a key, in JSON all the keys must be strings.

Try not to be confused by the two uses of the word "object" here: Python uses the word object to mean the generic base class for everything, whereas in JSON it is used only to mean a mapping from string keys to values.

In Ruby, "objects" are analogous to the Hash type. An important difference, however, is that all keys in JSON must be strings, and therefore any non-string keys are converted over to their string representation.

Try not to be confused by the two uses of the word "object" here: Ruby uses the word Object to mean the generic base class for everything, whereas in JSON it is used only to mean a mapping from string keys to values.

{ "type": "object" }

{
   "key": "value",
   "another_key": "another_value"
}

{
    "Sun": 1.9891e30,
    "Jupiter": 1.8986e27,
    "Saturn": 5.6846e26,
    "Neptune": 10.243e25,
    "Uranus": 8.6810e25,
    "Earth": 5.9736e24,
    "Venus": 4.8685e24,
    "Mars": 6.4185e23,
    "Mercury": 3.3022e23,
    "Moon": 7.349e22,
    "Pluto": 1.25e22
}

Using non-strings as keys is invalid JSON:

{
    0.01: "cm",
    1: "m",
    1000: "km"
}

"Not an object"

["An", "array", "not", "an", "object"]

Properties ¶

The properties (key-value pairs) on an object are defined using the properties keyword. The value of properties is an object, where each key is the name of a property and each value is a schema used to validate that property. Any property that doesn’t match any of the property names in the properties keyword is ignored by this keyword.

Note

See Additional Properties and Unevaluated Properties for how to disallow properties that don’t match any of the property names in properties.

For example, let’s say we want to define a simple schema for an address made up of a number, street name and street type:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "number": { "type": "number" },
    "street_name": { "type": "string" },
    "street_type": { "enum": ["Street", "Avenue", "Boulevard"] }
  }
}

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue" }

If we provide the number in the wrong type, it is invalid:

{ "number": "1600", "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue" }

By default, leaving out properties is valid. See Required Properties.

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania" }

By extension, even an empty object is valid:

{ }

By default, providing additional properties is valid:

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue", "direction": "NW" }

Pattern Properties ¶

Sometimes you want to say that, given a particular kind of property name, the value should match a particular schema. That’s where patternProperties comes in: it maps regular expressions to schemas. If a property name matches the given regular expression, the property value must validate against the corresponding schema.

Note

Regular expressions are not anchored. This means that when defining the regular expressions for patternProperties, it’s important to note that the expression may match anywhere within the property name. For example, the regular expression "p" will match any property name with a p in it, such as "apple", not just a property whose name is simply "p". It’s therefore usually less confusing to surround the regular expression in ^...$, for example, "^p$".

In this example, any properties whose names start with the prefix S_ must be strings, and any with the prefix I_ must be integers. Any properties that do not match either regular expression are ignored.

{
  "type": "object",
  "patternProperties": {
    "^S_": { "type": "string" },
    "^I_": { "type": "integer" }
  }
}

{ "S_25": "This is a string" }

{ "I_0": 42 }

If the name starts with S_, it must be a string

{ "S_0": 42 }

If the name starts with I_, it must be an integer

{ "I_42": "This is a string" }

This is a key that doesn’t match any of the regular expressions:

{ "keyword": "value" }

Additional Properties ¶

The additionalProperties keyword is used to control the handling of extra stuff, that is, properties whose names are not listed in the properties keyword or match any of the regular expressions in the patternProperties keyword. By default any additional properties are allowed.

The value of the additionalProperties keyword is a schema that will be used to validate any properties in the instance that are not matched by properties or patternProperties. Setting the additionalProperties schema to false means no additional properties will be allowed.

Reusing the example from Properties, but this time setting additionalProperties to false.

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "number": { "type": "number" },
    "street_name": { "type": "string" },
    "street_type": { "enum": ["Street", "Avenue", "Boulevard"] }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false
}

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue" }

Since additionalProperties is false, this extra property “direction” makes the object invalid:

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue", "direction": "NW" }

You can use non-boolean schemas to put more complex constraints on the additional properties of an instance. For example, one can allow additional properties, but only if they are each a string:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "number": { "type": "number" },
    "street_name": { "type": "string" },
    "street_type": { "enum": ["Street", "Avenue", "Boulevard"] }
  },
  "additionalProperties": { "type": "string" }
}

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue" }

This is valid, since the additional property’s value is a string:

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue", "direction": "NW" }

This is invalid, since the additional property’s value is not a string:

{ "number": 1600, "street_name": "Pennsylvania", "street_type": "Avenue", "office_number": 201 }

You can use additionalProperties with a combination of properties and patternProperties. In the following example, based on the example from Pattern Properties, we add a "builtin" property, which must be a number, and declare that all additional properties (that are neither defined by properties nor matched by patternProperties) must be strings:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "builtin": { "type": "number" }
  },
  "patternProperties": {
    "^S_": { "type": "string" },
    "^I_": { "type": "integer" }
  },
  "additionalProperties": { "type": "string" }
}

{ "builtin": 42 }

This is a key that doesn’t match any of the regular expressions:

{ "keyword": "value" }

It must be a string:

{ "keyword": 42 }

Extending Closed Schemas ¶

It’s important to note that additionalProperties only recognizes properties declared in the same subschema as itself. So, additionalProperties can restrict you from “extending” a schema using Schema Composition keywords such as allOf. In the following example, we can see how the additionalProperties can cause attempts to extend the address schema example to fail.

{
  "allOf": [
    {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "street_address": { "type": "string" },
        "city": { "type": "string" },
        "state": { "type": "string" }
      },
      "required": ["street_address", "city", "state"],
      "additionalProperties": false
    }
  ],

  "properties": {
    "type": { "enum": [ "residential", "business" ] }
  },
  "required": ["type"]
}

Fails additionalProperties. “type” is considered additional.

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC",
   "type": "business"
}

Fails required. “type” is required.

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC"
}

Because additionalProperties only recognizes properties declared in the same subschema, it considers anything other than “street_address”, “city”, and “state” to be additional. Combining the schemas with allOf doesn’t change that. A workaround you can use is to move additionalProperties to the extending schema and redeclare the properties from the extended schema.

{
  "allOf": [
    {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "street_address": { "type": "string" },
        "city": { "type": "string" },
        "state": { "type": "string" }
      },
      "required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
    }
  ],

  "properties": {
    "street_address": true,
    "city": true,
    "state": true,
    "type": { "enum": [ "residential", "business" ] }
  },
  "required": ["type"],
  "additionalProperties": false
}

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC",
   "type": "business"
}

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC",
   "type": "business",
   "something that doesn't belong": "hi!"
}

Now the additionalProperties keyword is able to recognize all the necessary properties and the schema works as expected. Keep reading to see how the unevaluatedProperties keyword solves this problem without needing to redeclare properties.

Unevaluated Properties ¶

New in draft 2019-09

In the previous section we saw the challenges with using additionalProperties when “extending” a schema using Schema Composition. The unevaluatedProperties keyword is similar to additionalProperties except that it can recognize properties declared in subschemas. So, the example from the previous section can be rewritten without the need to redeclare properties.

{
  "allOf": [
    {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "street_address": { "type": "string" },
        "city": { "type": "string" },
        "state": { "type": "string" }
      },
      "required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
    }
  ],

  "properties": {
    "type": { "enum": ["residential", "business"] }
  },
  "required": ["type"],
  "unevaluatedProperties": false
}

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC",
   "type": "business"
}

{
   "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
   "city": "Washington",
   "state": "DC",
   "type": "business",
   "something that doesn't belong": "hi!"
}

unevaluatedProperties works by collecting any properties that are successfully validated when processing the schemas and using those as the allowed list of properties. This allows you to do more complex things like conditionally adding properties. The following example allows the “department” property only if the “type” of address is “business”.

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "street_address": { "type": "string" },
    "city": { "type": "string" },
    "state": { "type": "string" },
    "type": { "enum": ["residential", "business"] }
  },
  "required": ["street_address", "city", "state", "type"],

  "if": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "type": { "const": "business" }
    },
    "required": ["type"]
  },
  "then": {
    "properties": {
      "department": { "type": "string" }
    }
  },

  "unevaluatedProperties": false
}

{
  "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
  "city": "Washington",
  "state": "DC",
  "type": "business",
  "department": "HR"
}

{
  "street_address": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW",
  "city": "Washington",
  "state": "DC",
  "type": "residential",
  "department": "HR"
}

In this schema, the properties declared in the then schema only count as “evaluated” properties if the “type” of the address is “business”.

Required Properties ¶

By default, the properties defined by the properties keyword are not required. However, one can provide a list of required properties using the required keyword.

The required keyword takes an array of zero or more strings. Each of these strings must be unique.

Draft-specific info:
Draft 4

In Draft 4, required must contain at least one string.

In the following example schema defining a user record, we require that each user has a name and e-mail address, but we don’t mind if they don’t provide their address or telephone number:

{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "name": { "type": "string" },
    "email": { "type": "string" },
    "address": { "type": "string" },
    "telephone": { "type": "string" }
  },
  "required": ["name", "email"]
}

{
  "name": "William Shakespeare",
  "email": "[email protected]"
}

Providing extra properties is fine, even properties not defined in the schema:

{
  "name": "William Shakespeare",
  "email": "[email protected]",
  "address": "Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England",
  "authorship": "in question"
}

Missing the required “email” property makes the JSON document invalid:

{
  "name": "William Shakespeare",
  "address": "Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England",
}

In JSON a property with value null is not equivalent to the property not being present. This fails because null is not of type “string”, it’s of type “null”

{
  "name": "William Shakespeare",
  "address": "Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England",
  "email": null
}

Property names ¶

New in draft 6

The names of properties can be validated against a schema, irrespective of their values. This can be useful if you don’t want to enforce specific properties, but you want to make sure that the names of those properties follow a specific convention. You might, for example, want to enforce that all names are valid ASCII tokens so they can be used as attributes in a particular programming language.

{
  "type": "object",
  "propertyNames": {
    "pattern": "^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$"
  }
}

{
  "_a_proper_token_001": "value"
}

{
  "001 invalid": "value"
}

Since object keys must always be strings anyway, it is implied that the schema given to propertyNames is always at least:

{ "type": "string" }

Size ¶

The number of properties on an object can be restricted using the minProperties and maxProperties keywords. Each of these must be a non-negative integer.

{
  "type": "object",
  "minProperties": 2,
  "maxProperties": 3
}

{}

{ "a": 0 }

{ "a": 0, "b": 1 }

{ "a": 0, "b": 1, "c": 2 }

{ "a": 0, "b": 1, "c": 2, "d": 3 }